نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه و لاتین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری ادبیات فرانسه، گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه و لاتین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
تازه های تحقیق
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
A spatial marker can contain the element of time within itself, whether tangible or intangible. To understand the dimension of time in a temporal space, the simplest method is to refer to the temporal indicator, which can be perceived in the form of various temporal adverbials, inflected verb tense, or phrases linked to the noun phrase by the syntactic arrangement of the sentence. Sometimes, depending on the personal experience of the reader of the text, the perception of time takes an imaginary or empirical form. In some of Parvin Etesami's poems, the connection between time and space becomes the basis for understanding the poet's intention. How can we understand the order of the spatio-temporal continuum in these poems, and what meaning can be explained through the nature of this temporal perception? In this regard, to analyze abstract time in various modes of temporal space, using the ideas of Henri Bergson, a 20th-century French philosopher, one can achieve a philosophical reading of the temporal system. To understand the relationship between time and places evoked in the poem “The Enchantment of the World” by Parvin Etesami, it will be possible to explain the relationship between time and narrative space in a temporal-spatial continuum based on the ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin, a Russian linguist and philosopher.
Literature Review
In addition to numerous readings of Parvin Etesami's poetry based on literary and rhetorical theories, her poetry has been analyzed from different perspectives, such as psychology, sociology, politics, religion and ethics. However, this research attempts to answer the question of how spatio-temporal elements create meaning and manifest themselves through the philosophical thought of Parvin's poetry.
Methodology
3-1. The problem of the perception of “duration” in Henri Bergson
According to Henri Bergson, when we speak of a specific point in the chronology, this specific moment is closely linked to “space” and therefore time finds its identity in space: For it is in space that the changes that occur for a point are manifested and not in time in the pure sense of the term. (Bergson, 1975: 15)
3-2. Double perception of time: decomposable and indecomposable
The concept of “duration” has a dual nature; one qualitative and the other quantitative.(Bergson, 1975: 16)
3-3. The Place of “Time” in Mikhail Bakhtin's Analysis of the Structure of Literature
For Bakhtin, the two elements of time and space coexist. “Time means the fourth dimension of space ». (Bakhtin, 2011: 137) Bakhtin identifies a type of weather called “adventure weather”. The characteristics of this type of weather are as follows:
The adventurous time extends between the starting point of the plot and the ending point of the plot. (Bakhtin, 2011: 142)
This time “lacks biological or evolutionary continuity”. (Bakhtin, 2011: 143)
Adventurous time is an “empty time”. (Bakhtin, 2011:145)
Discussion
4-1. Time-space continuum in the poem “The Enchantment of the World”
In verse 48, with the perception of a thousand-year temporal continuum, the continuity of objective time is embedded within the abstract temporal continuum: In this verse, there is an incomplete causal link, because of the existence of the incomplete cause: “a thousand years of burning firewood” led to the failure to achieve the intended effect, which was: “a pleasant smell”. The expression of causality in any complete or incomplete form leads to the perception of temporal continuity, as a bridge that connects past time to the present or future. Also, this millennial period, in Bakhtin’s view, refers to a time of adventure, because the realization or non-realization of the act of burning wood has no connection with the realization of the main action, and this millennial continuum “lacks simple biological continuity or evolutionary continuity” (Bakhtin, 2011: 143).
Conclusion
The perception of time and space is not separate and each indicates the existence of the other. Also, temporal elements are arranged in a stable order in the spatio-temporal continuum: these elements can be perceived either by direct referents or by indirect and implicit referential signs. However, this order does not always provide an objective perception of the extent of the “duration” of elapsed time. Because the question of temporal density is raised by the qualitative nature of time. Abstract time is perceived from one person to another with a unique duration and tension, so the qualitative characteristic of this type of time causes abstract time to lose the characteristic of disaggregation or separability that is the indicator of objective time. This qualitative characteristic of abstract time is defined and interpreted by Bakhtin in the form of adventurous time. In studying the poem “The Enchantment of the World” by Parvin Etesami, we found that the perception of continuity and order between the time element and the space element is possible through the presence of at least one of the temporal or spatial signs, even in the absence of a temporal signifier, this spatial signifier provides the connection between the actualized spatial element and the potential temporal signifier and vice versa.
کلیدواژهها [English]
)