The scholars of Arabic and Persian rhetoric have considered eloquence as the main feature of rhetoric. Eloquence is concerned with the Word, the speech and the Speaker. To be considered eloquent the word must be free of four flaws: the repetition of letters, the strangeness of use, the disapproval of the analogy, and the unpleasantness of the hearing. On the other hand, according to Russian formalists, defamiliarization of standard language makes literary speech. One of the ways to make the speech prominent is norm-breaking. But the point is that phonetic, grammatical, temporal, stylistic, dialectal and lexical norm-breakings are the instances of rhetorical flaws. Most of these defamiliarizations have musical value in Divan-l Shams. In addition to examining the Russian formalists' confrontation with rhetorical scholars, this paper by providing statistical analysis illustrates the artistic value of above norm-breakings.
)