Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Investigation of Farhad's personality from reality to legendInvestigation of Farhad's personality from reality to legend98680FAJournal Article20150517Farhad is one of the most famous and popular fictional characters among Persian speakers who has always been a symbol of pure and true love. Despite this, his personality is in an aura of ambiguity and correct information about him is not available. It seems that Farhad is a Parthian symbol who stepped into the world of stories to defend the Parthian culture against the Sasanids. His popularity in the minds of Iranians has caused even historians to think of him as a historical figure. In this article, the legendary or real character of "Farhad" has been examined with regard to Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami and available historical sources.Farhad is one of the most famous and popular fictional characters among Persian speakers who has always been a symbol of pure and true love. Despite this, his personality is in an aura of ambiguity and correct information about him is not available. It seems that Farhad is a Parthian symbol who stepped into the world of stories to defend the Parthian culture against the Sasanids. His popularity in the minds of Iranians has caused even historians to think of him as a historical figure. In this article, the legendary or real character of "Farhad" has been examined with regard to Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami and available historical sources.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98680_ea8279be264dd83ba9de713351b238d2.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Studying the life of "Mirtzakirah" in the mirror of his lettersStudying the life of "Mirtzakirah" in the mirror of his letters98678FAJournal Article20150517Taqi al-Din Kashani (943-1022/1024 AH), nicknamed Mirtzakirah, is an opinionated and prolific writer of the Safavid era and the author of the famous biography Kholasat ol-Ash’ar and Zubdat ol-Afkar (1016-975 AH). Unlike other biographers, he did not express an independent description of his condition in his works, and he did not provide much information about his condition except for scattered items in Kholasat ol-Ash’ar and other works left behind by him; Therefore, the recovered letters of this hard-working and abandoned writer of the Safavid era, which he wrote to some friends, sultans and officials, shed light on the dark corners of his life. Describing the life of Taqi Kashi and explaining the characteristics of the prose of the Safavid period, especially in the field of letter writing is of special importance; Therefore, in this research, while correcting these letters, we examine their features and contents.Taqi al-Din Kashani (943-1022/1024 AH), nicknamed Mirtzakirah, is an opinionated and prolific writer of the Safavid era and the author of the famous biography Kholasat ol-Ash’ar and Zubdat ol-Afkar (1016-975 AH). Unlike other biographers, he did not express an independent description of his condition in his works, and he did not provide much information about his condition except for scattered items in Kholasat ol-Ash’ar and other works left behind by him; Therefore, the recovered letters of this hard-working and abandoned writer of the Safavid era, which he wrote to some friends, sultans and officials, shed light on the dark corners of his life. Describing the life of Taqi Kashi and explaining the characteristics of the prose of the Safavid period, especially in the field of letter writing is of special importance; Therefore, in this research, while correcting these letters, we examine their features and contents.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98678_0f1a21d885d771579ea4e43dd903e1e6.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923A research in Turkish words of Discourse of Shams TabriziA research in Turkish words of Discourse of Shams Tabrizi98676FAJournal Article20150517In this article, twenty Turkish words used in the text of Discourse of Shams have been introduced and etymologically identified, and it is a small step in the jurisprudence and linguistics (fiqh al-lughah) section of comparative literature. It is also a sign and proof of the influence of Turkish language and literature on Persian language and literature. It is believed to be useful for those who study mystical works.In this article, twenty Turkish words used in the text of Discourse of Shams have been introduced and etymologically identified, and it is a small step in the jurisprudence and linguistics (fiqh al-lughah) section of comparative literature. It is also a sign and proof of the influence of Turkish language and literature on Persian language and literature. It is believed to be useful for those who study mystical works.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98676_635f9263e0f0911d818ac17402d7c2f2.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Nasir Khusrow's innovations in the tradition of Persian odesNasir Khusrow's innovations in the tradition of Persian odes98674FAJournal Article20150517Before Nasir Khusrow, the format of qasida was mostly praise; But Naser Khosrow has broken the structure in the poem, both in terms of format and meaning. The subject of this article is to examine Nasir Khusrow's innovations in this field. In the first part of the article, odes before Nasir Khusrow are briefly discussed. In terms of poetic taste and adherence to some literary traditions, his poetry has similarities with previous poets. In the differences section, Nasser Khosrow's view on poetry, the weight of his poems, innovation in the introduction and the main part of the poem are examined. Nasir Khusrow's intention of describing nature is to show its instability through associations and secondary meanings, the necessity of not giving up on the meaningless passage, as well as passing from the outer nature and referring to the inner world. In fact, Nasser Khosrow, in the main text of the ode - which according to the tradition is the place of praise - deals with the interpretation and interpretation of the first part - the ghazal - and talks about religious issues. The source of this view of the poet is the Qur'an and theological thoughts that can be seen in some of his authoritative works.Before Nasir Khusrow, the format of qasida was mostly praise; But Naser Khosrow has broken the structure in the poem, both in terms of format and meaning. The subject of this article is to examine Nasir Khusrow's innovations in this field. In the first part of the article, odes before Nasir Khusrow are briefly discussed. In terms of poetic taste and adherence to some literary traditions, his poetry has similarities with previous poets. In the differences section, Nasser Khosrow's view on poetry, the weight of his poems, innovation in the introduction and the main part of the poem are examined. Nasir Khusrow's intention of describing nature is to show its instability through associations and secondary meanings, the necessity of not giving up on the meaningless passage, as well as passing from the outer nature and referring to the inner world. In fact, Nasser Khosrow, in the main text of the ode - which according to the tradition is the place of praise - deals with the interpretation and interpretation of the first part - the ghazal - and talks about religious issues. The source of this view of the poet is the Qur'an and theological thoughts that can be seen in some of his authoritative works.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98674_0f833edf467d2a0ed8854c7e26241ae7.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Machiavelli's thought and Tarikh-i BeyhaqiMachiavelli's thought and Tarikh-i Beyhaqi98672FAJournal Article20150517The valuable book of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi is very important in terms of cultural and sociological studies because it contains cultural and social hints scattered throughout its narrations. Because these points reflect the details of social life in 5th century Iran. One of the valuable aspects of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi is the explanation and description of the management and statecraft of the Ghaznavid sultans, especially Sultan Mas’ud, with an analytical and critical approach. In terms of interdisciplinary studies, this feature has given Tarikh-i Beyhaqi a special value among the historical works of the 5th and 6th centuries of Hijri. Considering that in today's world, the foundation of the political management ideas of Western countries and most other nations is largely influenced by the ideas and thoughts of Niccolo Machiavelli, the famous Italian politician and writer (died 1527) and his ideas from the Renaissance onwards , has become very important, the author of this article aims to compare Mas’ud Ghaznavi's management behaviors and statecraft methods with Machiavelli's ideas and theories, using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to the contents of the book Tarikh-i Beyhaqi and the important works of Niccolo Machiavelli. Based on the results of this research, Mas’ud's methods are consistent with Machiavelli's recommendations in more than half of the cases.The valuable book of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi is very important in terms of cultural and sociological studies because it contains cultural and social hints scattered throughout its narrations. Because these points reflect the details of social life in 5th century Iran. One of the valuable aspects of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi is the explanation and description of the management and statecraft of the Ghaznavid sultans, especially Sultan Mas’ud, with an analytical and critical approach. In terms of interdisciplinary studies, this feature has given Tarikh-i Beyhaqi a special value among the historical works of the 5th and 6th centuries of Hijri. Considering that in today's world, the foundation of the political management ideas of Western countries and most other nations is largely influenced by the ideas and thoughts of Niccolo Machiavelli, the famous Italian politician and writer (died 1527) and his ideas from the Renaissance onwards , has become very important, the author of this article aims to compare Mas’ud Ghaznavi's management behaviors and statecraft methods with Machiavelli's ideas and theories, using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to the contents of the book Tarikh-i Beyhaqi and the important works of Niccolo Machiavelli. Based on the results of this research, Mas’ud's methods are consistent with Machiavelli's recommendations in more than half of the cases.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98672_27807c0584be43949da3ab4d16ac306e.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923The stylistic similarities of Shamlou's poetry and the prose of Tarikh-i BeyhaqiThe stylistic similarities of Shamlou's poetry and the prose of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi98670FAJournal Article20150517In many literary schools, both traditional and new, language is and is being examined by critics as one of the most important elements of poetry. The importance of language in literary criticism is more important in the Russian formalist school and its child structuralism than in other schools. The intellectual base of these schools is more on the prominence of literary texts and its strangeness and distance from normal and usual language, which is considered as one of the most important and fundamental methods of beautifying the work and influencing the hearts of the audience. One of the ways to make literary texts stand out is non-standardization, and one of the non-standard ways to create the beauty of a literary work is antiquarianism. Among the contemporary poets of Iran, Ahmad Shamlou is one of those who has placed one of the most basic linguistic foundations of his poetry on archaism. One of the main characteristics of his poetry is the attention to the texts of the past as a great linguistic source for highlighting etc. One of the texts that many critics and experts suggest as the linguistic source of Shamlu's poetry is the eloquent prose of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi.In this article, an attempt is made to reveal the similarities between Shamlou's poetry and Tarikh-i Beyhaqi, and to examine these similarities using formalist and structuralist views.In many literary schools, both traditional and new, language is and is being examined by critics as one of the most important elements of poetry. The importance of language in literary criticism is more important in the Russian formalist school and its child structuralism than in other schools. The intellectual base of these schools is more on the prominence of literary texts and its strangeness and distance from normal and usual language, which is considered as one of the most important and fundamental methods of beautifying the work and influencing the hearts of the audience. One of the ways to make literary texts stand out is non-standardization, and one of the non-standard ways to create the beauty of a literary work is antiquarianism. Among the contemporary poets of Iran, Ahmad Shamlou is one of those who has placed one of the most basic linguistic foundations of his poetry on archaism. One of the main characteristics of his poetry is the attention to the texts of the past as a great linguistic source for highlighting etc. One of the texts that many critics and experts suggest as the linguistic source of Shamlu's poetry is the eloquent prose of Tarikh-i Beyhaqi.In this article, an attempt is made to reveal the similarities between Shamlou's poetry and Tarikh-i Beyhaqi, and to examine these similarities using formalist and structuralist views.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98670_8d10f15c098ae93916cc462fb193a804.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Faramarz and the Seven LaborsFaramarz and the Seven Labors98668FAJournal Article20150517Farmarz-nameh is a natural epic poem written in the 5th or early 6th century. There is still no information about its poet. In this verse, the story of Faramarz, Rustam's son, is made into poetry. According to the historian of Tarikh-e Sistan, the news of Faramarz was more than twelve volumes, but the existing poem has about 1600 verses. This verse deals with Faramarz’s campaign to India to save Nowshaad Shah and the people of India from five problems. These problems are: 1- Konnas Div 2- Kayd Shah, one of the rulers of India, who has 900 thousand troops and takes a lot of ransom from people every year. 3- A strong, horned and nine-hundred-year-old wolf known as the talking wolf 4- Dragon 5- Thirty thousand destructive rhinoceroses. During the fight against Kayd Shah, two other big battles take place, which include: the battle with the Indian Nushdar, who has ten thousand troops, and the battle with a strong predator named Senur; So it can be said that like Rustam and Esfandiar, Faramarz had a kind of Seven Labors and it is appropriate to compare it with the Seven Labors of Rostam and Esfandiar and describe their structural features. Although Faramarz-nameh is greatly influenced by Shahnameh, its content is more similar to Gershasabnameh than any other book. One of the most important missions of Garshasab was to go to India to fight with Bhusha of India. The events that happened to Gershasab are very similar to the events that happened to Faramarz.Farmarz-nameh is a natural epic poem written in the 5th or early 6th century. There is still no information about its poet. In this verse, the story of Faramarz, Rustam's son, is made into poetry. According to the historian of Tarikh-e Sistan, the news of Faramarz was more than twelve volumes, but the existing poem has about 1600 verses. This verse deals with Faramarz’s campaign to India to save Nowshaad Shah and the people of India from five problems. These problems are: 1- Konnas Div 2- Kayd Shah, one of the rulers of India, who has 900 thousand troops and takes a lot of ransom from people every year. 3- A strong, horned and nine-hundred-year-old wolf known as the talking wolf 4- Dragon 5- Thirty thousand destructive rhinoceroses. During the fight against Kayd Shah, two other big battles take place, which include: the battle with the Indian Nushdar, who has ten thousand troops, and the battle with a strong predator named Senur; So it can be said that like Rustam and Esfandiar, Faramarz had a kind of Seven Labors and it is appropriate to compare it with the Seven Labors of Rostam and Esfandiar and describe their structural features. Although Faramarz-nameh is greatly influenced by Shahnameh, its content is more similar to Gershasabnameh than any other book. One of the most important missions of Garshasab was to go to India to fight with Bhusha of India. The events that happened to Gershasab are very similar to the events that happened to Faramarz.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98668_6357e824dbd47bad328fd81c39cba42d.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923A look at Ferdowsi's dream in ShahnamehA look at Ferdowsi's dream in Shahnameh98666FAJournal Article20150517Considering that two hundred years have passed between the first manuscripts of the Shahnameh and the death of its great poet Ferdowsi, and that the number of verses in the manuscripts is between forty-eight thousand and more than sixty thousand; The researchers of this great book do not agree between what is actually Ferdowsi's poem and what are called additional verses and stories. Probably there are some verses that have been included in the text due to various considerations. One of these considerations is the political issues of Ferdowsi's era. Therefore, many believe that praises of Mahmud in the Shahnameh have no foundation. One of these praises is a dream that is expressed by Ferdowsi at the beginning of the story of Gustasp, and in a dream that mostly includes the praise of Mahmoud Ghaznavi, Daqiqi asks him to include his poems in the Shahnameh. Although this dream can be seen in all printed versions of the Shahnameh, some points in it question the correctness of its attribution to Ferdowsi. This essay examines the topic in an in-text analysis.Considering that two hundred years have passed between the first manuscripts of the Shahnameh and the death of its great poet Ferdowsi, and that the number of verses in the manuscripts is between forty-eight thousand and more than sixty thousand; The researchers of this great book do not agree between what is actually Ferdowsi's poem and what are called additional verses and stories. Probably there are some verses that have been included in the text due to various considerations. One of these considerations is the political issues of Ferdowsi's era. Therefore, many believe that praises of Mahmud in the Shahnameh have no foundation. One of these praises is a dream that is expressed by Ferdowsi at the beginning of the story of Gustasp, and in a dream that mostly includes the praise of Mahmoud Ghaznavi, Daqiqi asks him to include his poems in the Shahnameh. Although this dream can be seen in all printed versions of the Shahnameh, some points in it question the correctness of its attribution to Ferdowsi. This essay examines the topic in an in-text analysis.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98666_438f61d7e48a6c9e17e80975738f6fa2.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923Novel writing in the 60sNovel writing in the 60s98664FAJournal Article20150517Sixty-six novels were published in Iran in the sixties. From this collection, the theme of sixteen works tells about the direct influence of revolution and war; That is, social, political, cultural, economic issues, the situation of intellectuals, the evolvements and hardships resulting from the revolution and the disasters and values related to the war have been raised. The authors of nineteen novels have taken advantage of the atmosphere created by the revolution to say things that were not easy to express before the revolution, such as: the dangers of freedom, quarrels arising from class conflicts, economic disease, ignorance and deprivations, injustice, murder and Imprisonment and harassment of freedom fighters and issues like this. We consider these influential novels of the revolution. Thirty-one other novels do not have a revolutionary theme, nor do they show usurpation of the atmosphere of the revolution. In other words, special revolutionary motives are not evident in them; Which means they have said things that can be said in most governments. The theme of most of these are social issues and sometimes subtle emotions. We consider these to be unaffected novels of the revolution. In this essay, we mention the names of novels, their themes and authors.Sixty-six novels were published in Iran in the sixties. From this collection, the theme of sixteen works tells about the direct influence of revolution and war; That is, social, political, cultural, economic issues, the situation of intellectuals, the evolvements and hardships resulting from the revolution and the disasters and values related to the war have been raised. The authors of nineteen novels have taken advantage of the atmosphere created by the revolution to say things that were not easy to express before the revolution, such as: the dangers of freedom, quarrels arising from class conflicts, economic disease, ignorance and deprivations, injustice, murder and Imprisonment and harassment of freedom fighters and issues like this. We consider these influential novels of the revolution. Thirty-one other novels do not have a revolutionary theme, nor do they show usurpation of the atmosphere of the revolution. In other words, special revolutionary motives are not evident in them; Which means they have said things that can be said in most governments. The theme of most of these are social issues and sometimes subtle emotions. We consider these to be unaffected novels of the revolution. In this essay, we mention the names of novels, their themes and authors.https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98664_9e6c37028bcfc6954f99ecb83ace6514.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of History of Literature2008-73493320100923The structure of government, its features and functions in The Path of God’s BondsmenThe structure of government, its features and functions in The Path of God’s Bondsmen98662FAJournal Article20150517Najm al-Din is a mystic who is apparently alien to the world of politics. However, his interest in man and his destiny, happiness and misery, which is related to the way of running the country, makes him raise political issues. In this article, we will see that relying on his mental schema, which is based on his mystical and religious beliefs, he firstly emphasizes the necessity of government, and secondly, he considers government and religion as two sides of the same sheet, and takes the evaluation criteria of government and the rulers from the Sharia. From his words in The Path of God’s Bondsmen, it can be seen that the parts and elements of the government he is looking for should interact with each other and with the whole system like body parts. In his opinion, the government is like a pyramid where the king is at the top, and the minister and officials form the middle part of it, and the people, who make up the broadest and most deprived social class, are at the base of this pyramid. From what he sees, the king rules with autocracy and unlimited powers, and other officials get to power by paying bribes and serving; As always, the author describes "what should be" instead of stating the existing facts. It is through these descriptions that the reader deconstructs the structure, realizes what is not said in the text and realizes that the existing government is nothing but a corrupt system. A system in which a large group is exploited so that a limited handful can accumulate wealth. Najm al-Din is a mystic who is apparently alien to the world of politics. However, his interest in man and his destiny, happiness and misery, which is related to the way of running the country, makes him raise political issues. In this article, we will see that relying on his mental schema, which is based on his mystical and religious beliefs, he firstly emphasizes the necessity of government, and secondly, he considers government and religion as two sides of the same sheet, and takes the evaluation criteria of government and the rulers from the Sharia. From his words in The Path of God’s Bondsmen, it can be seen that the parts and elements of the government he is looking for should interact with each other and with the whole system like body parts. In his opinion, the government is like a pyramid where the king is at the top, and the minister and officials form the middle part of it, and the people, who make up the broadest and most deprived social class, are at the base of this pyramid. From what he sees, the king rules with autocracy and unlimited powers, and other officials get to power by paying bribes and serving; As always, the author describes "what should be" instead of stating the existing facts. It is through these descriptions that the reader deconstructs the structure, realizes what is not said in the text and realizes that the existing government is nothing but a corrupt system. A system in which a large group is exploited so that a limited handful can accumulate wealth. https://hlit.sbu.ac.ir/article_98662_65681d03c015409d2f870164ad5caccb.pdf